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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eds</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>EduSol</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EduSol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1729-8091</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Guantánamo</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida en estudiantes de un instituto de la región Ica, Perú-2024</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6417-9845</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romaní Pillpe</surname>
						<given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1457-370X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macedo Inca</surname>
						<given-names>Keila Soledad</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad César Vallejo, Lima. Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad César Vallejo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad César Vallejo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Lima</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica. Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ica</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor para la correspondencia: <email>gromani@ucvvirtual.edu.pe</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<p>Los autores declaran que no existen conflictos de intereses.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>15</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>24</volume>
			<issue>87</issue>
			<fpage>59</fpage>
			<lpage>68</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo fue determinar la correlación entre autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida en alumnos de un instituto de Ica, Perú, en 2024. La investigación cuantitativa, correlacional y no experimental empleó cuestionarios de autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida en 24 estudiantes. Se aplicó R de Spearman para asociación. Se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa entre autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida (Rho = 0.555, p = 0.003). En conclusión, se confirman correlaciones positivas y significativas entre autoconocimiento vocacional y capacidad de estructurar un proyecto de vida en los estudiantes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Autoconocimiento</kwd>
				<kwd>Vocación</kwd>
				<kwd>Proyecto de vida</kwd>
				<kwd>Voluntad</kwd>
				<kwd>Responsabilidad</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
				<page-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El desarrollo de un adecuado autoconocimiento vocacional constituye un elemento central dentro de la construcción del proyecto de vida en la etapa formativa de todo estudiante. Tal como señala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Spranger (2022</xref>), la falta de claridad respecto a los intereses, valores y habilidades personales tiene una incidencia directa en la capacidad de trazarse metas, tomar decisiones y planificar la trayectoria educativa y laboral. Asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gericke (2022</xref>) advierte efectos negativos sobre la motivación y rendimiento académico. En consecuencia, déficits en las competencias de autoconocimiento durante la etapa escolar pueden desencadenar en jóvenes problemas de orientación, incertidumbre hacia el futuro e incluso casos de deserción. Por ello, la relevancia tanto teórica como práctica de abordar la relación entre estas variables en estudiantes de institutos técnicos, puesto que aporta conocimientos científicos al mismo tiempo que brinda orientaciones para mejorar la praxis educativa de dichas instituciones en beneficio del bienestar de los alumnos.</p>
			<p>El autoconocimiento vocacional es abordado desde diversas perspectivas teóricas relacionadas con la orientación educativa y laboral. Así, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Samiee &amp; Naghavi (2021</xref>) lo conceptualiza como la capacidad de una persona para evaluar de forma realista sus características, intereses, valores y habilidades en relación a diferentes campos ocupacionales. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Picard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) enfatizaron que implica no solo el reconocimiento de fortalezas y debilidades, sino también cómo se gestionan. En la teoría del desarrollo de carrera de Super (1963) citado en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ormaza-Mejía (2019</xref>), el autoconocimiento es fundamental en la exploración inicial de preferencias. Mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Holland (1997</xref>) sitúa el autoconocimiento de intereses y preferencias como paso previo a la identificación de un tipo vocacional determinado -Conocimiento personal; entorno laboral y autoconcepto-. Como se observa, diversos especialistas coinciden en la importancia de construir un adecuado sentido de las motivaciones y atributos individuales antes de determinar una orientación o decisión vocacional específica, que permita trazar luego un proyecto formativo o laboral realista.</p>
			<p>El concepto de proyecto de vida ha sido definido por distintos autores dentro del campo educativo y la orientación vocacional. Así, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Romero &amp; Juárez (2006</xref>) lo caracterizaron como el planteamiento de metas que una persona se traza con respeto a su vida personal, educativa y profesional. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brumshtein <italic>et al.</italic> (2010</xref>) lo asociaron a la visión de futuro y expresión de una identidad vocacional. Desde la perspectiva de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Molea <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>) implica una dirección, un conjunto de aspiraciones y la ruta para lograrlo. Mientras que para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Schnettler <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>) además conlleva la realización de elecciones sobre la base de un previo autoconocimiento personal. Como se observa en estas conceptualizaciones, el proyecto de vida representa la proyección de la imagen futura de sí mismo y las decisiones para materializar esta visión, a partir de motivaciones y atributos individuales. Su desarrollo durante la etapa formativa permite dotar de sentido el itinerario académico y ocupacional de los estudiantes.</p>
			<p>Uno de los modelos más influyentes para evaluar el autoconocimiento vocacional es el de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Holland (1997</xref>) que distingue orientaciones vocacionales tipo realista, investigador, artístico, social, emprendedor y convencional. Como advierten <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zamanillo <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>) una adecuada claridad de las personas sobre sus intereses y preferencias en estas áreas, facilita luego concretar decisiones académicas y laborales para su proyecto de vida. En esta línea, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">de Abreu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>) halló que los jóvenes con perfiles definidos según el modelo RIASEC exhiben mayor capacidad para trazarse metas, así como voluntad de sentido, elección y responsabilidad sobre su futuro. Así se evidencia el rol mediador del autoconocimiento de rasgos vocacionales en áreas realista, investigadora, artística, social, emprendedora y convencional, entre la exploración inicial y la posterior construcción del proyecto vital de los estudiantes.</p>
			<p>Más allá de su rol en el bienestar individual, el adecuado desarrollo del autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida en los estudiantes tiene también un impacto colectivo en la sociedad. Como señala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tonon (2021</xref>) incide en una mejor inserción y desempeño laboral futuro de los jóvenes, impactando positivamente la productividad de las organizaciones. También <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gomez &amp; Royo (2015</xref>) evidenciaron menor conflictividad psicosocial y mejor convivencia escolar en adolescentes con metas y visiones claras de sí mismos. Incluso <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lanuza <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) halló correlatos entre proyectos vitales estructurados en estudiantes y menores índices delictuales. Como se observa en estos antecedentes, la investigación del fenómeno trasciende lo individual y adquiere una dimensión socio-comunitaria, en la medida que repercute sobre una diversidad de aspectos de la vida en sociedad.</p>
			<p>En la revisión de investigaciones previas relacionadas, se pueden distinguir algunas líneas que han abordado dimensiones específicas del autoconocimiento vocacional bajo el modelo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Holland (1997</xref>) como son los intereses vocacionales de tipos realista (R), investigador (I), artístico (A), Social (S), emprendedor (E) y convencional (C); mientras que otros estudios se han enfocado en componentes del proyecto de vida personal, libertad de elección y voluntad de responsabilidad. Trabajos como los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Schnettler <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Otero-Lopez <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) se enmarcan en la primera línea sobre perfiles RIASEC; y los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Li <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Palfai <italic>et al.</italic> (2011</xref>) en la segunda respecto a dimensiones de sentido vital basadas en Frankl citado en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">de Carvalho &amp; Moreira-Almeida (2023</xref>). Esta categorización permite orientar la discusión de hallazgos en torno a tópicos específicos de las variables de interés abordadas en literatura previa.</p>
			<p>El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el nivel de correlación existente entre las variables autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida en los alumnos de un instituto de la región Ica, Perú, durante el año 2024. La interrogante que guía la investigación es ¿qué relación existe entre el autoconocimiento vocacional de los tipos Holland y las dimensiones de sentido vital de Frankl en la muestra de estudiantes técnicos? Resulta oportuno estudiar dicha asociación debido a las repercusiones que ambos constructos ejercen en las trayectorias académicas y laborales futuras de los jóvenes. Se plantea como hipótesis que, a mayor claridad de los estudiantes sobre sus intereses y preferencias vocacionales, mayor capacidad para desarrollar un proyecto de vida estructurado. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Desarrollo</title>
			<p>El enfoque de la investigación fue cuantitativo de tipo básico con alcance correlacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gonzáles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), según un método hipotético-deductivo y un diseño no experimental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hurtado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). La población fueron 170 estudiantes, de la cual se extrajo una muestra no probabilística de 24 estudiantes. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la técnica de encuesta, utilizando como instrumentos dos cuestionarios validados, uno sobre autoconocimiento vocacional de 30 preguntas con escala Likert -1 mínimo a 5 máximo-, y otro sobre Proyecto de vida de 26 preguntas Likert con igual escala (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cisneros-Caicedo et al., 2022</xref>). Para el análisis de los datos se empleó estadística no paramétrica, calculando el Coeficiente de Correlación R de Spearman entre las variables medidas en la muestra de 13 estudiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alban <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Determinar la correlación existente contribuirá a establecer en qué medida el nivel de autoconocimiento de los intereses vocacionales se relaciona con la capacidad para estructurar un proyecto de vida por parte de los estudiantes del instituto técnico.</p>
			<p>El enfoque de la investigación fue cuantitativo de tipo básico con alcance correlacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gonzáles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), según un método hipotético-deductivo y un diseño no experimental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hurtado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). La población fueron 170 estudiantes, de la cual se extrajo una muestra no probabilística de 24 estudiantes. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la técnica de encuesta, utilizando como instrumentos dos cuestionarios validados, uno sobre autoconocimiento vocacional de 30 preguntas con escala Likert -1 mínimo a 5 máximo-, y otro sobre Proyecto de vida de 26 preguntas Likert con igual escala (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cisneros-Caicedo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). Para el análisis de los datos se empleó estadística no paramétrica, calculando el Coeficiente de Correlación R de Spearman entre las variables medidas en la muestra de 13 estudiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alban <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Determinar la correlación existente contribuirá a establecer en qué medida el nivel de autoconocimiento de los intereses vocacionales se relaciona con la capacidad para estructurar un proyecto de vida por parte de los estudiantes del instituto técnico.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Matriz de Correlaciones</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1729-8091-eds-24-87-59-gt1.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Fuente: Elaboración propia</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>, la matriz de correlaciones revela asociaciones significativas entre las variables de autoconocimiento vocacional, proyecto de vida, voluntad de sentido, libertad de elección y voluntad de responsabilidad. En particular, se destaca una correlación positiva y significativa entre el autoconocimiento vocacional y el proyecto de vida (Rho = 0.555, p = 0.003), sugiriendo que aquellos con un mayor autoconocimiento vocacional tienden a tener una conexión más fuerte con sus proyectos de vida. Además, se observan correlaciones significativas entre la voluntad de sentido y la libertad de elección (Rho = 0.947, p &lt; 0.001) y entre la libertad de elección y la voluntad de responsabilidad (Rho = 0.797, p &lt; 0.001). Estas relaciones resaltan la interconexión entre la búsqueda de significado, la libertad de elección y la disposición a asumir responsabilidades. En general, la matriz de correlaciones proporciona una visión integral de cómo estas variables se relacionan entre sí, destacando patrones significativos que podrían ser fundamentales para comprender aspectos importantes del desarrollo personal y la toma de decisiones.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>
						<graphic xlink:href="1729-8091-eds-24-87-59-g002.jpg"/><bold>Figura</bold></label>
					<caption>
						<title>1: Studio correlación Autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida</title>
					</caption>
					<attrib>Fuente: Elaboración propia</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Nota</italic>. Autoconocimiento vocacional (AV) Conocimiento personal (C.P.); entorno laboral (E.L) y autoconcepto (A.C); proyecto de vida (P.V); Voluntad de Sentido (V.S.); Libertad de Elección (L.E.); Voluntad de Responsabilidad (V.R.).</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>, las correlaciones que ha proporcionado, hago el siguiente análisis: El Conocimiento Personal (C.P.) tiene una correlación positiva fuerte con Autoconocimiento Vocacional (0.92) y Proyecto de Vida (0.72), lo cual indica que, a mayor conocimiento personal, mejor autoconocimiento vocacional y claridad en el proyecto de vida. El Conocimiento Personal también se correlaciona positivamente con Voluntad de Sentido (0.68), Libertad de Elección (0.61) y Voluntad de Responsabilidad (0.49). Esto sugiere que, el conocimiento de uno mismo facilita encontrarle sentido a la vida, tomar decisiones libres y asumir responsabilidades. El Entorno Laboral tiene su correlación más fuerte con Autoconocimiento Vocacional (0.80) y Voluntad de Sentido (0.77). Un buen entorno de trabajo parece favorecer el descubrimiento vocacional y otorgar sentido al quehacer laboral. El Autoconcepto se correlaciona fuertemente con Conocimiento Personal (0.64) y Autoconocimiento Vocacional (0.80), lo que indica que la imagen que uno tiene de sí mismo está vinculada con el conocimiento personal y vocacional. Asimismo, parece haber una interrelación entre varios factores personales (conocimiento de sí mismo, autoconcepto, orientación vocacional) con dimensiones existenciales (sentido, libertad, responsabilidad) y la influencia del contexto laboral. Promover el autoconocimiento ayudaría a la realización personal y profesional.</p>
			<p>En los estudios revisados, se abordaron diversas temáticas relacionadas con la, evaluación de instrumentos, desarrollo de registros de datos, influencia de docentes en proyectos profesionales de estudiantes universitarios, y la asociación entre hábitos alimentarios y calidad de vida en estudiantes universitarios. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Picard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) se dedicaron a la validación de un instrumento para medir problemas relacionados con la indecisión en estudiantes universitarios francófonos. Aunque no se presenta un instrumento específico, comparte la preocupación por variables como el autoconocimiento vocacional y el proyecto de vida, brindando una perspectiva más amplia del desarrollo personal. De manera similar, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Romero &amp; Juárez (2006</xref>) desarrollaron un registro de este enfoque más clínico, la matriz de correlaciones se adentra en variables relacionadas con la toma de decisiones y el desarrollo personal, proporcionando una perspectiva más orientada hacia aspectos psicológicos. Ambos estudios abordan aspectos del bienestar, pero con enfoques y contextos diferentes. Asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">de Abreu <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) investigaron la influencia de docentes en proyectos profesionales de estudiantes universitarios. Para ello, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tonon (2021</xref>) identificó una relación positiva entre el acceso a la universidad y la calidad de vida. La matriz de correlaciones, aunque también aborda la calidad de vida, se enfoca en variables como autoconocimiento vocacional y proyecto de vida, ofreciendo una perspectiva más individualizada del bienestar. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lanuza <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) estimaron la asociación entre hábitos alimentarios y calidad de vida en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Aunque hay cierta convergencia en la temática del bienestar, la matriz de correlaciones se adentra en variables más abstractas relacionadas con la toma de decisiones y el desarrollo personal.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Existe una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre el autoconocimiento vocacional y el desarrollo de un proyecto de vida estructurado en estudiantes. Las dimensiones que componen la noción de proyecto de vida -voluntad de sentido, libertad de elección y voluntad de responsabilidad- se hallan estrechamente vinculadas entre sí en los estudiantes. El autoconocimiento vocacional se relaciona de forma directa y significativa también con cada una de las dimensiones de proyecto de vida analizadas.</p>
			<p>Recomendaciones, implementar intervenciones educativas que promuevan el autoconocimiento vocacional, para fortalecer la claridad y convicción de los estudiantes sobre su proyecto de vida. Desarrollar programas de orientación vocacional y construcción de proyecto de vida, considerando la interrelación entre sus diversos componentes de sentido vital. Fomentar desde etapas tempranas la exploración de intereses, valores y habilidades en los estudiantes, para sentar bases que faciliten su proyección y toma de decisiones futuras.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Referencias bibliográficas</title>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Vocational self-knowledge and life project in students of a high school in the Ica region, Peru-2024</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6417-9845</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romaní Pillpe</surname>
						<given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1457-370X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macedo Inca</surname>
						<given-names>Keila Soledad</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad César Vallejo, Lima-Perú. Perú</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica-Perú. Perú</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Autor para la correspondencia: <email>gromani@ucvvirtual.edu.pe</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The objective was to determine the correlation between vocational self-knowledge and life project in students of a high school in Ica, Peru, in 2024. The quantitative, correlational and non-experimental research used questionnaires of vocational self-knowledge and life project in 24 students. Spearman's R was applied for association. A positive and significant correlation was found between vocational self-knowledge and life project (Rho = 0.555, p = 0.003). In conclusion, positive and significant correlations were confirmed between vocational self-knowledge and the ability to structure a life project in students.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Self-knowledge</kwd>
				<kwd>Vocation</kwd>
				<kwd>Life project</kwd>
				<kwd>Will</kwd>
				<kwd>Responsibility</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>The development of an adequate vocational self-knowledge is a central element in the construction of the life project in the formative stage of every student. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Spranger (2022</xref>) points out, the lack of clarity regarding personal interests, values and skills has a direct impact on the ability to set goals, make decisions and plan the educational and employment trajectory. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gericke (2022</xref>) notes negative effects on motivation and academic performance. Consequently, deficits in self-knowledge competencies during the school stage can trigger orientation problems, uncertainty about the future and even cases of dropout in young people. Therefore, the theoretical and practical relevance of addressing the relationship between these variables in students of technical high schools, since it provides scientific knowledge while offering guidelines to improve the educational praxis of these institutions for the benefit of the students' welfare.</p>
				<p>Vocational self-knowledge is approached from various theoretical perspectives related to educational and occupational guidance. Thus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Samiee &amp; Naghavi (2021</xref>) conceptualize it as a person's ability to realistically assess his or her characteristics, interests, values and skills in relation to different occupational fields. For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Picard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) emphasized that it involves not only the recognition of strengths and weaknesses, but also how they are managed. In Super's (1963) career development theory cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ormaza-Mejía (2019</xref>), self-knowledge is fundamental in the initial exploration of preferences. While <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Holland (1997</xref>) places self-knowledge of interests and preferences as a previous step to the identification of a particular vocational type -Personal knowledge; work environment and self-concept-. As can be seen, various specialists agree on the importance of building an adequate sense of individual motivations and attributes before determining a specific vocational orientation or decision, which will later allow a realistic training or work project to be drawn up.</p>
				<p>The concept of life project has been defined by different authors in the field of education and vocational guidance. Thus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Romero &amp; Juárez (2006</xref>) characterized it as the goals that a person sets for his or her personal, educational and professional life. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brumshtein <italic>et al.</italic> (2010</xref>) associated it with the vision of the future and the expression of a vocational identity. From the perspective of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Molea <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>) it implies a direction, a set of aspirations and the route to achieve it. While for <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Schnettler <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>) it also entails making choices on the basis of prior personal self-knowledge. As can be seen in these conceptualizations, the life project represents the projection of the future image of oneself and the decisions to materialize this vision, based on individual motivations and attributes. Its development during the formative stage makes it possible to give meaning to the academic and occupational itinerary of students.</p>
				<p>One of the most influential models for evaluating vocational self-knowledge is that of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Holland (1997</xref>), which distinguishes between realistic, research, artistic, social, entrepreneurial and conventional vocational orientations. As warned by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zamanillo <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>), an adequate clarity of people about their interests and preferences in these areas makes it easier to make academic and work decisions for their life project. Along these lines, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">de Abreu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>) found that young people with profiles defined according to the RIASEC model exhibit a greater capacity to set goals, as well as a willingness to make sense of, choose and take responsibility for their future. Thus, the mediating role of self-knowledge of vocational traits in realistic, research, artistic, social, entrepreneurial and conventional areas is evidenced, between the initial exploration and the subsequent construction of the students' life project.</p>
				<p>Beyond its role in individual well-being, the adequate development of vocational self-knowledge and life project in students also has a collective impact on society. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tonon (2021</xref>) points out, it influences a better insertion and future labor performance of young people, positively impacting the productivity of organizations. Also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gomez &amp; Royo (2015</xref>) evidenced less psychosocial conflict and better school coexistence in adolescents with clear goals and visions of themselves. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lanuza <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) even found correlations between structured life projects in students and lower crime rates. As can be seen from this background, research into the phenomenon transcends the individual and acquires a socio-community dimension, insofar as it has repercussions on a variety of aspects of life in society.</p>
				<p>In the review of previous related research, it is possible to distinguish some lines that have addressed specific dimensions of vocational self-knowledge under <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Holland's model (1997</xref>) such as realistic (R), researcher (I), artistic (A), social (S), entrepreneurial (E) and conventional (C) vocational interests; while other studies have focused on components of the personal life project, freedom of choice and willingness to take responsibility. Works such as those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Schnettler <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Otero-Lopez <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) are framed in the first line on RIASEC profiles; and those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Li <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Palfai <italic>et al.</italic> (2011</xref>) in the second regarding dimensions of vital meaning based on Frankl cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">de Carvalho &amp; Moreira-Almeida (2023</xref>). This categorization allows us to orient the discussion of findings around specific topics of the variables of interest addressed in previous literature.</p>
				<p>The present study aims to determine the level of correlation between the variables vocational self-knowledge and life project in students of a high school in the Ica region, Peru, during the year 2024. The question guiding the research is: What is the relationship between the vocational self-knowledge of the Holland types and Frankl's life meaning dimensions in the sample of technical students? It is appropriate to study this association due to the repercussions that both constructs have on the future academic and work trajectories of young people. It is hypothesized that the clearer the students are about their vocational interests and preferences, the greater their capacity to develop a structured life project.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Development</title>
				<p>The research approach was basic quantitative with a correlational scope (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gonzáles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), using a hypothetico-deductive method and a non-experimental design (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hurtado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). The population was 170 students, from which a non-probabilistic sample of 24 students was drawn. Data collection was carried out by means of the survey technique, using two validated questionnaires as instruments, one on vocational self-knowledge of 30 questions with a Likert scale -1 minimum to 5 maximum-, and another on Life Project of 26 Likert questions with the same scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cisneros-Caicedo et al., 2022</xref>). Non-parametric statistics were used for data analysis, calculating the Spearman's R Correlation Coefficient between the variables measured in the sample of 13 students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alban <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Determining the existing correlation will contribute to establish to what extent the level of self-knowledge of vocational interests is related to the ability to structure a life project by students of the technical high school.</p>
				<p>The research approach was quantitative of basic type with correlational scope (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gonzáles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), according to a hypothetico-deductive method and a non-experimental design (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hurtado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). The population was 170 students, from which a non-probabilistic sample of 24 students was drawn. Data collection was carried out by means of the survey technique, using two validated questionnaires as instruments, one on vocational self-knowledge of 30 questions with a Likert scale -1 minimum to 5 maximum-, and another on Life Project of 26 Likert questions with the same scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cisneros-Caicedo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). Non-parametric statistics were used for data analysis, calculating the Spearman's R Correlation Coefficient between the variables measured in the sample of 13 students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alban <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Determining the existing correlation will contribute to establish to what extent the level of self-knowledge of vocational interests is related to the ability to structure a life project on the part of the students of the technical high school.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlation Matrix</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1729-8091-eds-24-87-59-gt2.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Source: Self elaboration</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>, the correlation matrix reveals significant associations between the variables of vocational self-knowledge, life project, and willingness to make sense, freedom of choice and will to responsibility. In particular, a positive and significant correlation between vocational self-knowledge and life project stands out (Rho = 0.555, p = 0.003), suggesting that those with higher vocational self-knowledge tend to have a stronger connection with their life projects. In addition, significant correlations are observed between the will to meaning and freedom of choice (Rho = 0.947, p &lt; 0.001) and between freedom of choice and the will to responsibility (Rho = 0.797, p &lt; 0.001). These relationships highlight the interconnectedness between the search for meaning, freedom of choice, and willingness to take responsibility. Overall, the correlation matrix provides a comprehensive view of how these variables relate to each other, highlighting significant patterns that could be fundamental to understanding important aspects of personal development and decision making.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>
							<graphic xlink:href="1729-8091-eds-24-87-59-g004.jpg"/>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Studio correlation Vocational self-knowledge and life plan </title>
						</caption>
						<attrib>Source: Self elaboration</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Note</italic>: Vocational self-knowledge (VA) Personal knowledge (C.P.); work environment (E.L) and self-concept (A.C); life project (P.V); willingness to make sense (V.S.); Free Choice (L.E.); Will to Responsibility (V.R.).</p>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>, the correlations it has provided, I make the following analysis: Personal Knowledge (P.K.) has a strong positive correlation with Vocational Self-knowledge (0.92) and Life Project (0.72), which indicates that the greater the personal knowledge, the better the vocational self-knowledge and clarity in the life project. Personal Knowledge also correlates positively with willingness to make sense (0.68), Free Choice (0.61) and Will to Responsibility (0.49). This suggests that self-knowledge facilitates finding meaning in life, making free choices and assuming responsibility. Work Environment has its strongest correlation with Vocational Self-Knowledge (0.80) and willingness to make sense (0.77). A good work environment seems to favor vocational discovery and to give meaning to work. Self-Concept correlates strongly with Personal Knowledge (0.64) and Vocational Self-Knowledge (0.80), indicating that one's self-image is linked to personal and vocational knowledge. Likewise, there seems to be an interrelation between several personal factors (self-knowledge, self-concept, vocational orientation) with existential dimensions (meaning, freedom, responsibility) and the influence of the work context. Promoting self-knowledge would help personal and professional fulfillment.</p>
				<p>In the studies reviewed, various topics related to the, evaluation of instruments, development of data records, influence of teachers in professional projects of university students, and the association between eating habits and quality of life in university students were addressed. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Picard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) engaged in the validation of an instrument to measure problems related to indecisiveness in French-speaking college students. Although a specific instrument is not presented, it shares a concern for variables such as vocational self-knowledge and life project, providing a broader perspective of personal development. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Romero &amp; Juárez (2006</xref>) developed a record of this more clinical approach, the correlation matrix delves into variables related to decision making and personal development, providing a perspective more oriented towards psychological aspects. Both studies address aspects of well-being, but with different approaches and contexts. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">de Abreu <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) investigated the influence of teachers on professional projects of university students. To this end, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tonon (2021</xref>) identified a positive relationship between university access and quality of life. The correlation matrix, although also addressing quality of life, focuses on variables such as vocational self-knowledge and life project, offering a more individualized perspective of well-being. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lanuza <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) estimated the association between eating habits and quality of life in Chilean university students. Although there is some convergence in the subject of well-being, the correlation matrix goes into more abstract variables related to decision-making and personal development.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>There is a positive and statistically significant correlation between vocational self-knowledge and the development of a structured life project in students. The dimensions that make up the notion of life project - willingness to make sense, free choice and will to responsibility - are closely linked to each other in students. Vocational self-knowledge is also directly and significantly related to each of the life project dimensions analyzed.</p>
				<p>Recommendations, implement educational interventions that promote vocational self-knowledge, to strengthen students' clarity and conviction about their life project. Develop programs of vocational orientation and construction of life project, considering the interrelation between its various components of vital meaning. Encourage from early stages the exploration of interests, values and skills in students, to lay the foundations that facilitate their projection and future decision making.</p>
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